7 Common Investment Strategies
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An investment strategy is the set of principles you follow to decide where to put your money, how long to keep it there, and when to make changes. Without one, it’s too easy to buy on impulse, panic sell, or miss long-term opportunities. This article examines seven common investment strategies and outlines how they work.
Factors To Consider Before Choosing A Strategy
Risk Tolerance
How much risk are you willing and able to take without making emotional or hasty decisions that may compromise your long-term plans? At what point do market losses start to make you uneasy?
For example, some investors can watch their portfolio drop 20% in a month as if nothing happened, while others feel stressed if it dips even just 5%. Knowing your risk tolerance matters because the best strategy in the world won’t work if you abandon it during a downturn.
Time Horizon
How long do you plan to keep your money invested? This is also tied to your long- or short-term financial goals. For example, a 30-year-old’s 401(k) plan can weather years of market ups and downs. But if you’re investing for a home you plan to buy in two years, you’ll need something steadier and more liquid.
Remember, the shorter the horizon, the less room there is for recovery if the market takes a hit.
Liquidity Needs
Some investments can be sold in seconds, and others can tie up your money for years. If you might need quick access to cash, such as for a medical expense or a business opportunity, keep this in mind when choosing a strategy.
A real estate partnership, for example, might look promising on paper but could leave you stuck waiting for the right time to sell.
Investor Type
What kind of investor are you? How much time and effort do you want to devote to your investments? Are you hands-on, or do you want to set it and forget it?
If you’d rather not check the markets every week, you are a passive investor. A strategy like dollar cost averaging might suit you. But if you enjoy analyzing stocks, following economic trends, and making regular adjustments, a more active style might suit you. Be honest with yourself about your knowledge, interest, and schedule before choosing which strategies to use.
Common Investment Strategies
1. Buy-And-Hold
This is a straightforward strategy where you purchase high-quality investments, such as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, and hold them in your portfolio for years, possibly even decades, regardless of short-term market fluctuations. The idea is to bank on the tendency of markets to rise in the long term despite temporary downturns, and to maximize the power of compounding.
Buy-and-hold focuses on time in the market rather than timing the market, and is best for long-term goals such as retirement. It is also suitable if you want a low-maintenance investment strategy. And since you do not frequently trade, you also save money on transaction costs. If you invest in taxable accounts, your gains may also be subject to favorable capital gains rates.
A challenge you may face with this approach is how to act during downturns, when your portfolio may lose significant value in a short period. Do you stay and trust that the market will rebound, or do you get out while you still can? Holding steady during a bear market requires discipline. Another potential drawback with buy-and-hold is that your portfolio might drift away from your intended risk levels. Hence, it’s important to note that this strategy does not mean setting and forgetting your investments; you will still need to periodically review and rebalance based on your risk tolerance, time horizon, and changing financial circumstances.
2. Dollar-Cost Averaging
DCA is built on consistency rather than timing. Instead of trying to guess the best time to buy, you commit to investing a fixed amount of money in the market at regular intervals, such as weekly or monthly, regardless of the prices. Over time, this approach spreads your purchases across different market conditions, ensuring you buy more shares when prices are low and fewer shares when they are high. The effect is to smooth out the average cost per share and reduce the emotional toll of trying to time the market.
This method is suitable if you are a beginner investor and have concerns about making a large investment all at once. It also fits naturally into how most people save. For example, retirement contributions, say for a 401(k), are essentially a form of dollar-cost averaging – steady amounts deducted from each paycheck and invested automatically. In time, these small, regular investments can grow into significant wealth even if you didn’t actively time the market.
DCA is a steady approach that ensures you are invested, even if the returns are not as substantial as those of other methods. It’s less about maximizing returns and more about building healthy investing habits. For a beginner, this is an easy way to enter the market: start small, stay consistent, and let time do the work.
3. Growth Investing
This strategy focuses on the growth potential of a company, rather than just the stock price. Instead of searching for bargains or undervalued stocks, growth investors are willing to pay a premium for businesses they believe will deliver exceptional earnings in the future. The idea is that if the company can sustain above-average growth, its stock prices will follow, rewarding early investors. It is a bet on the company’s potential for innovation and expansion.
For example, investors who identified Amazon or Tesla in their early stages saw their portfolios multiply many times over. Nonetheless, the reverse can also be true: if a company fails to meet lofty expectations, its stock can tumble quickly and erase whatever gains it’s had. Remember, not every “hot” company with rapid sales growth will become a long-term winner, and markets can be brutal with punishing overhyped stocks that fail to deliver.
Consider growth investing if you have a high tolerance for volatility and a long enough time horizon to endure market swings. This strategy is best suited for younger investors. If you are a retiree or someone in need of a stable income, you might benefit from other approaches.
4. Value Investing
Value investing is the opposite of growth investing, in that you chase stocks that you think are trading below what they are truly worth. Value investors believe the market sometimes misprices companies, whether due to temporary setbacks or investor pessimism, and buy these stocks at a discount, banking on the market eventually correcting itself.
Value investing is based on an understanding of a company’s fundamentals, including financial statements, cash flows, and competitive advantages. Once you identify a company that you believe is undervalued, you invest in it and trust that it will recover.
This approach requires patience and conviction. Value stocks typically remain “out of favor” for an extended period, meaning their share prices stagnate even if the underlying businesses stay healthy. For some, that waiting period can be frustrating, which can lead to missing significant gains when the stock price rebound does come.
5. Income Investing
As the name suggests, this investment approach is focused on generating a steady income rather than capital appreciation. Unlike growth or value investing, you do not buy an asset in the hope that its price will rise in the future. Instead, you focus on securities that pay consistent dividends, interest, or rental income. This approach is especially appealing to retirees or others who rely on their portfolio for living expenses.
Common vehicles for income investing are dividend-paying stocks, bonds, and real estate investment trusts (REITs). For example, blue-chip companies with long records of paying and raising dividends can provide a steady stream of payouts that keep pace with inflation. Bonds, whether government or corporate, offer fixed interest payments, although their value can fluctuate based on Fed rates. REITs, on the other hand, pool investor money to buy properties, such as apartments or office buildings, and distribute rental income back to shareholders.
You can use this steady flow of income to fund your living expenses. Or you can reinvest them into new shares to grow and diversify your portfolio over time. With income investing, you forgo some potential for exponential growth in exchange for reliability and peace of mind.
6. Passive Investing
While other strategies try to beat the market, passive investing aims to match it. The most common vehicle for this approach is the index fund, whether structured as a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund. By tracking benchmarks such as the S&P 500, you gain instant diversification across hundreds of companies with a single purchase. This eliminates the need to select individual winners and reduces the risks and costs of frequent trading.
Passive investing through index funds combines low costs, broad diversification, and long-term reliability. A trade-off is that you accept market downturns in full, meaning you do not attempt to sidestep volatility because you remain invested, trusting that markets have historically recovered and risen in the long run.
In a way, passive investing is a variation of the buy-and-hold strategy. It is suitable if you prefer a low-maintenance approach and do not want to select individual investments.
7. Active Trading
This is the opposite of passive investing, as it attempts to profit from short-term price movements in individual securities. As an active trader, you may buy and sell within days, hours, or even minutes, depending on your strategy. The goal is to capitalize on temporary market inefficiencies and turn a profit from price movements. Unlike long-term investors, traders thrive on constant analysis and rapid decision-making.
This strategy is the epitome of high risk, high reward. A skilled trader can capitalize on volatility, sometimes generating gains in markets that are flat or falling. But the risks are equally high. Frequent trades mean higher costs, more taxable events, and the constant possibility of losses if your timing is off. As such, this strategy is not for beginners. Even seasoned investors and traders experience losses.
If you are willing to commit time and effort, you may try this strategy. Active trading requires continuous learning, strict risk management, and a high tolerance for risk. For most investors, however, active trading is best suited for a portion of a broader portfolio, balanced by more stable, long-term strategies.
Final Thoughts
No single investment strategy is “best.” Each approach has its own pros and cons, as well as its ideal use cases. The right strategy depends on your goals, time horizon, risk tolerance, liquidity needs, and the level of effort you are willing and able to give. Consider a blend of the investment strategies outlined above. And don’t forget to periodically review and adjust over time. What’s most important is to stay consistent with your plan. You may also benefit from expert advice from professional financial advisors.
