The Network That’s Kept Foreign Cash Flowing into Iran, Through Sanctions and War

A U.S.-Iran peace deal, which appears closer than ever but a ways still away, could lift sanctions and bring Iranian banking back into the international mainstream. It would be a major shift.

For years now, restrictions have led Iran to rely on “shadow” banking networks designed to evade sanctions. The Treasury Department says those networks now handle billions of dollars’ worth of transactions each year, typically through Iran-based currency traders to front companies they control abroad.

The Iranian Money Changers Society and its leaders have been at the center of it. Closely regulated by the country’s Central Bank, the Society is the main industry association for Iran’s currency-trading community, representing more than 600 exchange companies. It’s directed by a small high council, whose members in turn control their own private exchange houses.

And, dating to President Trump’s first term, sanctions targeting the Society’s networks keep piling up — even though the Society itself hasn’t been hit.

Earlier this month, the Treasury Department went after a latest prominent figure in the Money Changers Society’s network: former high council vice chair Mehrdad Geramian Nik.

His privately owned exchange, Treasury said, had facilitated transactions that moved “hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign currency on behalf of sanctioned Iranian banks,” specifically naming Bank Tejarat, Bank Mellat, and Pasargad Bank. As of early this year, it added, Geramian Nik’s exchange still “held tens of millions of dollars’ worth of foreign currency” on those banks’ behalf, despite their sanctions.

That’s the value of Iran’s shadow banking system: the capability to connect Iranian importers and exporters with foreign currencies that local banks can’t access. And the Money Changers Society’s network connects not only to banks but to some of the country’s most important institutions.

Secretary-General Farhad Ramzan, for instance, used to direct Ansar Exchange, which the U.S. sanctioned in 2019 for operating a shadow banking network benefitting Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and its Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics.

Outside of the Society and his exchange, according to Iranian corporate records, Ramzan is also managing director of a subsidiary of state-owned Saderat Bank, Iran’s largest bank. The U.S. sanctioned it back in 2007, for “facilitating the transfer of funds to terrorist organizations,” including the Iran proxies Hizballlah and Hamas; the EU targeted it last year.

But no ex-Money Changers Society leader illustrates the country’s shadow banking system like Fazlolah Zarringhalam, another former high council vice chair.

The Trump administration sanctioned him and other members of his family last June, for operating exchange houses that leveraged front companies in Hong Kong and the UAE to make and receive payments for sanctioned Iranian actors.

Treasury cited Fazlolah Zarringhalam’s role specifically in exchanging hundreds of billions of dollars’ worth of foreign currencies for Iran’s Central Bank, its defense ministry, and the oil-transporting National Iranian Tanker Company.

Of course, Iran’s shadow-financing webs don’t stop there, either. A Kharon investigation last year found that additional members of Zarringhalam’s family who hadn’t been targeted by sanctions were tied up in it, too — extending this network’s foothold into China, Dubai, and the West.